intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine Changes in L-Carnitine Affect the Gut Microbiome and Influence Sexual Behavior Through the Gut–Testis Axis Revisiting the Role of Carnitine

65 Anticarcinogenic role of essential oils Cancer is a non-communicable and multifactorial disease that has unmanageable growth and abnormal mechanisms of cell division

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Glossary GI gastrointestinal COVID-19 Corona Virus Disease 2019 SARS-CoV-2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 CAP Community-acquired- pneumonia SCFA Short-chain fatty acids ILC Innate lymphoid cells Th17 T helper cell 17 Treg Regulatory T cells FMT Fecal microbiota transplantation GM-CSF Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor NF- Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells IFN Interferon SFB segmented filamentous bacteria H1N1 AH1N1 influenza VAP Ventilator associated pneumonia IFN- Interferon- BALF Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor- CS Cigarette Smoke FOXP3 Transcription factor Forkhead box P3 HDAC Histone deacetylase ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome IL-1 Interleukin-1beta TJ tight junction MLN Mesenteric Lymph Node GALT Gut-Associated Lymphoreticular Tissue AI-2 Autoinducer 2 MDI Microbiota Dysbiosis Index SAP Stroke-associated pneumonia TMAO Trimethylamine N-oxide GATA3 GATA Binding Protein 3 NOD Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain TUDCA Tauroursodeoxycholate AMPK Adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase AMs Alveolar Macrophage;DAT, Desaminotyrosine MX1 Myxovirus Resistance Protein 1 AhR Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine NLRP3 Nucleotide- binding oligomerization domain, leucine- rich repeat and pyrin domain- containing 3 TLR Toll-like receptors ROS Reactive Oxygen Species CXCL2 C C motif ligand 2 PMN Polymorphonuclear ARGs Antibiotics resistance genes HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography PXR Pregnane X Receptor 18-HEPE 18-Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic Acid GM Gut Microbiota iE-DAP -D-Glu-mDAP RIP2 Receptor-Interacting Protein 2 MDP Muramyl Dipeptide IE indole ethanol IPA indole propionic acid ILA indole lactic acid IAA indole acetic acid IAld indole aldehyde IA indole acrylic acid MAT2A methionine adenosyltransferase 2A USP16 ubiquitin specific peptidase 16 OVA ovalbumin KYN kynurenine I3C Indole-3-carbinol CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid NEC necrotizing enterocolitis BEAS-2B Human Bronchial Epithelioid Cells MCP-1 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 CCL5 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 ICAM-1 Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 CA cholic acid CDCA chenodeoxycholic acid BSH Bile salt hydrolase DCA deoxycholic acid LCA lithocholic acid TGR5 Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 UDCA ursodeoxycholic acid SOD superoxide dismutase CAT catalase GSH Glutathione ALI acute lung injury AQP Aquaporin LPS lipopolysaccharide PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor BMI body mass index PTPN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 2 MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus TMAO Trimethylamine-N-oxide TMA Trimethylamine DMA dimethylamine FMO Flavin MonoOxygenase PSA Polysaccharide A PPDC phenylpyruvate decarboxylase CD Crohns disease IBD inflammatory bowel disease PAGln Phenylacetylglutamine

In animal models, TB-4 has demonstrated remarkable effects on various physiological processes