In in vitro macrophage polarization models, exogenous -KG significantly increases Arg1 expression and suppresses iNOS expression, and changes in the -KG/succinate ratio are closely associated with the expression of M2-related genes ( in vitro cultured macrophage models, high concentrations of leucine can enhance anti-inflammatory gene expression through mechanistic target of mTORC1 signaling, which is inconsistent with other theoretical views and suggests that its effects are condition-dependent (29)
Next, in our isolated heart model of IRI (Figure 8B), we show that a 20-minute perfusion with GLP-1 (6 nM) improved functional LVDP recovery following IRI as compared with buffer-treated controls (52.4% 2.7% vs
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