General Physiology Biophysics 28, 174189
Provitamin A carotenoids (-carotene, -carotene, and -cryptoxanthin) are compounds found in yellow- and orange-colored fruit and vegetables that are converted to retinol by the liver
However, its not found in plant-based foods, which is why vegans and vegetarians are at a higher risk of vitamin B12 deficiency
That said, sublingual supplementation and intramuscular injections both bypass gastric absorption and may have higher efficacy rates
Reported Research Benefits Used in preclinical research focused on obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, aging-related metabolic decline, fat mass reduction, and muscle preservation during caloric deficit