The overwhelming dominance of ROS generated by enzymes like NADPH oxidases and xanthine oxidase over antioxidants like superoxide dismutase causes cell injury and tissue damage through direct injury, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation leading to protease release and antioxidant and antiprotease enzyme inactivation as well as alteration of transcription factors activator protein-1 and NFB
Diabetes Care 36 , 23462350 (2013)
Meanwhile, research has shown that A may also induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through various pathways, causing lipid peroxidation and neuronal oxidative stress, which causes further neuroinflammatory injury [17,18,19]
Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-B and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 50.Wang KY, Panciera DL, Al Rukivati RK